Without new legislation, at the end of 2012, major changes are going to occur in our financial markets and economy due to the “fiscal cliff.” According to the Congressional Budget Office, this would cut the budget deficit from 7.3% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to 4% in 2013. But even this understates the extent of the fiscal cliff since fiscal year 2013 includes three months before these changes take effect (fiscal 2012 ends at the end of this month). On a calendar year basis, the projected drop in the deficit is closer to 3% of GDP. This is too much too fast.
Before going any further, the basic math behind the federal budget needs to be understood.
First, the deficit is the gap between government spending and revenues in any one fiscal year. Fiscal years run from October 1 of the prior year to September 30 of the current year and, as an approximation, the debt grows by the amount of the deficit each year.
Second, in measuring the impact of deficits and debts, we look at these numbers relative to GDP which is the overall output of goods and services in the economy. The key issue, when it comes to fiscal sustainability, is the size of debt and deficits relative to the overall economy (or GDP).
Third, in measuring the total debt, we look at what is known as “debt held by the public,” currently $11.2 trillion, rather than “total public debt subject to limit,” which currently amounts to $15.9 trillion. “Debt held by the public” excludes money the federal government owes to its own trust funds, most notably, the Social Security trust fund. This measure is the focus of most debt projections and is a better measure to use in assessing both the sustainability of debt and its impact on global financial markets.
From the mid-1980s to the year 2000, the fiscal situation improved substantially with only one recession, a strong stock market and the impact of the end of the Cold War on defense spending. By 2000, the federal budget was in surplus and the debt/GDP ratio was falling rapidly.
Since then, America has experienced a series of shocks and slumps. Two wars, two recessions, and two huge bear markets in stocks led to a surge in the deficit, as did attempts by both the Bush and the Obama administrations to “stimulate” the economy through tax cuts and increased government spending. By fiscal 2009, the deficit had climbed to $1.416 trillion or 10.1% of GDP, with federal debt rising sharply.
Over the last three years, the deficit has retreated somewhat, with the CBO estimating a deficit of $1.128 trillion, or 7.3% of GDP for the current fiscal year. While this does represent some progress, estimates project the deficit would need to fall to below 4% of GDP in order for the debt to grow less quickly than GDP, thus stabilizing the debt/GDP ratio, albeit at a high level.